When your ankle joint is unstable, it can be challenging to maintain your balance and may lead to repeated ankle sprains. These ankle sprains occur when the ligaments connected to the bones in your ankle are stretched or torn, typically from a sudden twisting motion. 

• History of ankle injuries: individuals with a history of ankle injuries that were not properly healed or rehabilitated can go on to develop recurrent or chronic ankle sprains/instability. 
• Reduced muscle strength: weak ankle muscles can cause recurrent or chronic ankle sprains/instability.
• Activities that strain your ankle joint: activities such as running or jumping can cause you to land awkwardly and cause repeated ankle sprains. 
• Footwear: high heels or shoes with no proper support can cause chronic ankle sprains / instability.

It is important to note that the causes of recurrent ankle sprains or ankle instability vary between individuals and you should always get a thorough evaluation by your orthopaedist.

• Pain or discomfort
• Swelling or tenderness
• Difficulty maintaining balance when standing or walking
• Loose or unstable ankle joint
• Limited range of motion 
• Stiffness or tightness in your ankle muscles or tendons
• Frequent cracking or popping sounds 
• Weak ankle muscles 

For some, recurrent ankle sprains or ankle instability can be painful and uncomfortable. This pain is most prominent during physical activities and may persist even when at rest. For others, any pain felt might be mild and manageable. In severe cases, it can limit day-to-day activities or participation in sports.

• History of ankle injuries: with each sprain, the ligaments, muscles, and tendons in your ankle become looser, weaker, and overstretched, making you more prone to repeated ankle sprains and subsequently, ankle instability.
• Reduced ankle flexibility: having poor ankle flexibility can make you more prone to recurrent or chronic ankle sprains or instability.
• Certain sports: physical activities such as running, jumping, or sudden changes in direction, puts you at a higher risk for recurrent ankle sprains or ankle instability.

• Physical examination: check for signs of swelling, tenderness and instability or imbalance in your ankle joint (especially when standing still or walking). You may also be asked to perform specific actions in order for your doctor to assess your ankle’s range of motion, stability, and strength.
• Medical history: you may be asked about previous ankle injuries (including how and when they occurred) and symptoms you are experiencing. Your doctor will also inquire about your day-to-day activities and if you participate in any sports or physical activities that may have contributed to your ankle injury.
• Imaging tests: an X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in order to look into the severity of your injury and to rule out any underlying medical conditions or other possible causes of your ankle pain and instability.

Treatment options include:

• Rest: rest your ankle and treat the area with ice and compression.
• Medication: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and painkillers help to reduce inflammation and alleviate pain.
• Physiotherapy: physiotherapy involves the use of gentle and therapeutic exercises to strengthen and rehabilitate the area.
• Surgery: an ankle arthroscopy or an ankle ligament construction may be necessary depending on the severity of your problem.